Poisonous/suspect Mushrooms identifications

Inocybe praetervisa Qu?l. Knolliger Risspilz, Inocbye m?connu. Cap 3?5cm across, bell-shaped then expanded, dirty yellowish-brown, fibrous, splitting radially. Stem 50?60 x 3?8mm, with submarginate bulb, white then pale straw, entirely finely mealy. Flesh white discolouring yellowish in stem. Taste mild, smell faintly of meal. Gills whitish at first later clay-brown. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia fusoid with thickened hyaline or pale yellowish walls and apical encrustation. Spore print clay-brown. Spores oblong with numerous distinct angular knobs, 10?12 x 7?9?. Habitat mixed woods, often under beech. Season late summer to late autumn. Uncommon. Not edible most Inocybes have been found to contain toxins. Found In Europe.

Inocybe maculata Boud. Gefleckter Risspilz, Inocbye tachet?, Frosty Fibrecap, Foltos susulyka. Cap 2?8cm across, conical to bell-shaped, covered in long chestnut fibres and initially with a veil of dense white down which persists on the prominent umbo, often radially split or cracked. Stem 30?80 x 5?12mm, white becoming flushed brown, sometimes slightly smoother at the base. Flesh white. Taste mild, smell strong and fruity. Gills adnate pale greyish buff, edge white. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, clavate without apical encrustation. Spore print snuff-brown. Spores smooth, bean-shaped 9?11 x 4.5?5.5?. Habitat in beechwoods on chalk. Season autumn. Occasional. Poisonous. Found In Europe.

Inocybe lacera (Fr.) Kummer. Gemeiner Wirrkopf, Inocbye d?chir?, Torn Fibrecap, Ors?sp?r?s (k?z?ns?ges) susulyka. Cap 1?3cm across, convex with slight umbo, snuff-brown, fibrillose, sometimes splitting from the margin inwards. Stem 20?30 x 3?6mm, whitish near apex, brownish towards the slightly bulbous base, fibrillose. Flesh white. Taste mild, smell mealy. Gills adnexed, white at first, soon clay-buff with white edge. Cystidia thick-walled, fusoid, with apical encrustation. Spore print snuff-brown. Spores smooth, subcylindric, 11?15 x 4.5?6?, making this species easily recognizable microscopically. Habitat on sandy soils especially with pines. Season autumn. Occasional. Not edible most Inocybes have been found to contain toxins. Distribution, America and Europe.

Inocybe jurana Pat. Schuppiger Risspilz, Inocbye du Jura, Borv?r?s susulyka. Cap 2?6cm across, conical to bell-shaped, buff with radiating darker brown fibres radiating from the centre, soon flushed reddish brown or sometimes vinaceous-purple; note, the black patches on the caps are mould. Stem 20?60 x 4?10mm, white soon reddish, base slightly swollen. Flesh white becoming flushed pink in cap and stem base. Taste mild or mealy, smell strongly mealy. Gills adnate or free, white at first then tinged clay, edge white at first then tinged clay, edge white. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, clavate, without apical encrustation. Spore print snuff-brown. Spores smooth, bean-shaped, 10?15 x 5?7?. Habitat deciduous or mixed woods especially beechwoods on chalk. Season autumn. Uncommon. Not edible, most Inocybes have been found to contain toxins. Found In Europe.

Inocybe godeyi Gillet. R?tender Risspilz, Inocbye de Godey, Pirul? susulyka. Cap 2?5cm across, conical then expanded, cream then ochraceous to tan, bruising bright red, often becoming entirely so, smooth and silky becoming radially fissured with age. Stem 40?60 x 3?8mm, ending in a distinctly marginate bulb, whitish then reddening, mealy to the base. Flesh white, gradually reddening when cut. Taste acrid, smell strong, unpleasant. Gills whitish at first then cinnamon. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia fusoid or bottle-shaped with thickened walls and apical encrustation. Spore print snuff brown. Spores almond-shaped, smooth, 9?11.5 x 5.5?7?. Habitat deciduous woods, especially with beech on chalk. Season autumn. Uncommon. Poisonous. Distribution, America and Europe.

Inocybe geophylla (Sow. ex Fr.) Kummer. Erdbl?ttriger Faserkopf, Inocbye terrestre, White Fibrecap, Selymes susulyka. Cap 1.5?3.5cm across, conical, soon expanding, with prominent umbo, smooth and silky, white with yellowish tinge. Stem 10?60 x 3?6mm, white, silky fibrillose. Flesh white, unchanging. Taste mild, smell earthy or mealy. Gills crowded, adnexed, cream at first darkening to clay. Cystidia thick-walled, fusoid with apical encrustation. Spore print snuff-brown. Spores smooth, almond-shaped, 8?10.5 x 5?6?. Habitat on pathsides in deciduous, mixed and coniferous woods. Season early summer to late autumn. Common. Poisonous. Distribution, America and Europe.

Inocybe cookei Bres. Knolliger Risspilz, Inocbye de Cooke, Straw Fibrecap, Gum?st?nk? susulyka. Cap 2?5cm across, conical or bell-shaped then flattened with a prominent umbo, margin cracking, ochre, covered in long fibrous fibres. Stem 30?60 x 4?8mm, whitish with ochre flush, bulb marginate. Flesh whitish then straw-yellow. Taste mild, smell slight. Gills adnexed, whitish then pale cinnamon. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, pyriform and non-encrusted. Spore print snuff-brown. Spores smooth, bean-shaped, 7?8 x 4?5?. Habitat mixed woods. Season summer to late autumn. Occasional. Poisonous. Distribution, America and Europe.

Inocybe calamistrata (Fr.) Gillet. Blauf?ssiger Risspilz, Greenfoot Fibrecap. Cap 1?5cm across, convex to bell-shaped, dark brown, covered in erect pointed scales. Stem 30?70?5?10mm, concolorous with cap, apex paler, covered in recurved brown scales, base with bluish-green down. Flesh white becoming reddish, bluish-green at stem base. Taste mild, smell fishy or acidic. Gills whitish later rusty-brown. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, vesicular or clavate lacking apical encrustation. Pleurocystidia absent. Spore print snuff-brown. Spores bean-shaped, smooth, 9.5?11.5?5?6.5m. Habitat coniferous or mixed woods. Season summer. Rare. Edibility unknown -avoid, most Inocybes have been found to contain toxins. Distribution, America and Europe.

Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Qu?l. Syn. Naemateloma sublateritium (Fr.) Kar. Brick Caps, Hypholome presque brique, Ziegelroter Schwefelkopf, Falso chiodino, V?r?ses k?nvir?ggomba, Rode zwavelkop. Cap 3?10cm across, convex, brick red to reddish-brown at centre on ochraceous ground often with fibrillose remnants of veil towards margin. Stem 50?180 x 5?12mm, pale yellow near the apex becoming ochre brown towards the base, and with a cortinal zone near the apex. Flesh pale yellowish, reddish-brown towards stem base. Taste bitter, smell mushroomy. Gills pale yellowish becoming olive-brown. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, hair-like. Pleurocystidia clavate with beak-like apex. Spore print purplish-brown. Spores elliptic with an indistinct pore, 6?7 x 3?4.5um. Habitat stumps of deciduous trees. Season autumn. Occasional. Not edible. Distribution, America and Europe.

Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.) Kummer syn. Geophila fasciculari (Huds. ex Fr.) Qu?l. syn. Naematoloma fasciculare (Huds. ex Fr.) Karst. Sulphur Tuft, Hypholome en touffe, Gr?nbl?ttriger Schwefelkopf, S?rga k?nvir?ggomba, Falso chiodino, zolfino, Gewone zwavelkop. Cap 2?7cm across, convex or slightly umbonate, remains of the pale yellow veil often adhering to the margin, bright sulphur-yellow tinged orange-tan towards the centre. Stem 40?100 x 5?10mm, often curved, sulphur at the apex becoming dirty brownish towards the base with a faint ring zone often made more obvious by trapped purple-brown spores. Flesh sulphur-yellow, more brownish towards the stem base. Taste very bitter, smell mushroomy. Gills sulphur-yellow becoming olivaceous, finally dark brown. Spore print purplish-brown. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, cylindric, hair-like. Pleurocystidia broadly clavate with beak-like apex. Spores oval, with pore 6?7 x 4?4.5um. Habitat in dense clusters on stumps of deciduous and coniferous tress. Season all year. Very common. Not edible very bitter. -Now known to be poisonous, deaths have been recorded due to this fungus. Distribution, America and Europe.

Hypholoma capnoides (Fr. ex Fr.) Kummer Syn Naemateloma capnoides (Fr.) Kar. Graubl?ttriger Schwefelkopf Hypholome capno?de Conifer Tuft Feny? k?nvir?ggomba. Cap 2?6cm across, convex with an indistinct umbo, pale ochraceous flushed tan in the centre, margin buff. Stem 40?100 x 5?10mm, ochraceous buff flushed tan from base up, with white cortinal zone. Flesh yellowish. Taste sweetish, smell not distinctive. Gills whitish at first then greyish-lilac. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, cylindric, hair-like. Pleurocystidia broadly clavate with beak-like apex. Spore print dark brown. Spores ellipsoid-ovate with a distinct pore, 7?8 x 4?5um. Habitat conifer stumps. Season spring to late autumn. Uncommon. Said to be edible -avoid. Distribution, America and Europe.

Hygrophorus cossus (Sow. ex Berk.) Fr. syn. Limacium eburneum var. cossus New syn. Hygrophorus eburneus (Sow. ex Berk.) Lange. Goat Moth Wax Cap, Starkriechender Schneckling, K?risszag? csigagomba, Igroforo dall'odore di perdilegno, Verkleurende slijmkop. Cap 3?7cm across, convex becoming more flattened, white flushed buff especially near the centre, slimy. Stem 40?70 x 5?10mm, whitish, slimy. Flesh white. Taste and smell strong and unpleasant, said to resemble that of the larva of the Goat Moth whence it gets its name. Gills decurrent, whitish. Spore print white. Spores ovoid, 8?10 x 4?5um. No reaction with KOH on cap. Habitat in mixed woodland, beechwood on chalk. Season autumn. Frequent. Not edible. Distribution, America and Europe.

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf. ex Fr.) Maire. False Chanterelle, Fausse Chanterelle, Girolle des pins, Falscher Pfifferling, Narancss?rga t?lcs?rgomba, Cantarello aranciato, gallinaccio false, Valse hanekam (Valse dooierzwam). Cap 2-8cm across, convex to shallowly funnel-shaped, often remaining incurved at the margin; color variable, typically some shade of orange-yellow to brownish yellow or dark brown, often darker at the center and more yellowish orange at the edge; dry, downy to felty. Gills decurrent, close, narrow, and dichotomously forked; color varies from deep orange to yellowish. Stem 20-100 x 5-20mm, often enlarged toward the base and curved; same color as cap or darker; dry, somewhat hairy. Flesh thin, tough; yellowish to orangish. Odor mild, mushroomy. Taste mushroomy. Spores ellipsoid, smooth, dextrinoid, 5.5-8 x 2.5-4.5?. Deposit white. Habitat singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground or on rotting coniferous wood. Common. Found widely distributed in North America. Season August-November (over-winters in California). Not edible as it is known to cause alarming symptoms (hallucination) in some cases. Comment Some authors feel that this species should be split: the almost white-capped form and the very dark brown-capped form would then probably be separate varieties. (Both illustrated.)

Hebeloma sinapizans (Paulet ex Fr.) Gillet Rettichf?lbling Retekszag? fak?gomba H?b?lome couleur moutarde Bitter Poisonpie. Cap 4?12(20)cm across, convex then flattened and often wavy or upturned at the margin, ochre-brown or tan paling to cream or buff at the margin, greasy at first. Stem 50?120 x 10?20mm, swollen at the base, white covered in brownish scales forming a pattern of bands around the stem. Flesh whitish, becoming hollow in the stem often with a piece of the cap flesh hanging down into the stem cavity. Smell of radish. Gills pale clay-buff later with a cinnamon flush. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, hyaline, with a slightly swollen body and a narrower neck. Spore print rust. Spores almond-shaped, warted, 10?14.5 x 6?8um. Habitat in deciduous and mixed woods. Season autumn. Uncommon. Poisonous. Distribution, America and Europe.

Hebeloma sacchariolens Qu?l. Duftender F?lbling ?desillat? (illatos) fak?gomba Sweet Poisonpie. Cap 2?7cm across, convex then flattened, sometimes with an indistinct umbo, ochre buff at the centre paling to buff at the margin, greasy. Stem 40?80 x 5?12mm, whitish apex mealy, silky-fibrous below. Flesh white. Taste bitter, smell sweet and flowery. Gills clay-brown then rusty. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, hyaline, cylindric. Spore print deep rust. Spores almond-shaped, warted, 12?17 x 7?9um. Habitat damp woodland. Season autumn. Occasional. Edibility unknown -avoid, as many Hebelomas contain toxins. Found In Europe and north America.

Hebeloma radicosum (Bull. ex Fr.) Ricken syn. Pholiota radicosa (Bull. ex Fr.) Kummer Marzipanf?lbling Gy?keres fak?gomba H?b?lome radicant Rooting Poisonpie. Cap 6?9cm across, convex, cream to pale yellowish-brown, glutinous in wet weather. Stem 50?80 x 10?15mm, tapering into a long ?tap-root?, white and mealy above the ring, covered in brownish fibrous scales below. Flesh white. Taste sweet, smell of almonds. Gills pallid at first darkening slightly with age. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, hyaline, subcylindric to slightly clavate. Spore print dull brown. Spores almond-shaped, minutely warted, 9?10 x 5?6um. Habitat deciduous woods, usually with oak or beech. Season autumn. Rare. Not Edible -suspect. Found In Europe.

Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Qu?l Dunkelscheibiger F?lbling Veiled Poisonpie S?t?tl?b? fak?gomba. Cap 2?4.5cm across, convex then expanded, yellowish-brown, darker tan to date-brown at the centre, viscid when moist, margin covered in white fibrous remains of veil in young specimens. Stem 40?70 x 4mm, whitish above, with a poorly developed fibrillose ring zone, brownish towards the base. Flesh white in cap, brownish towards stem base. Taste bitter, smell strongly of radish. Gills clay-brown. Cheilocystidia thin-walled, hyaline, elongate-cylindric with obtuse apex, base often slightly enlarged. Spore print rusty-clay. Spores elliptic, very minutely punctate, 8?10 x 5?6um. Habitat damp woodland, often on burnt ground. Season late summer to early winter. Occasional. Edibility unknown ?avoid, as many Hebelomas contain toxins. Distribution, America and Europe.

Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull. ex St. Amans) Qu?l. Poison Pie, H?b?lome ?chaud?, Tr?nender Rettichf?lbling, Radijsvaalhoed, Zsemlesz?n? (retekszag?) fak?gomba. Cap 3-11 cm across, convex then expanded and often obtusely umbonate, the margin remaining inrolled for a long time and often lobed; buff to pale ochre-tan, darker at the center; slightly greasy to sticky when moist. Gills adnate or notched, crowded; pale clay-brown exuding watery droplets in moist conditions, spotted when dry. Stem 40-130 x 5-20mm, solid with an enlarged base; whitish or tinged with cap color; top powdery or finely flaky, center finely hairy, base with white mycelium. Veil not showing when cap is extended. Flesh thick; white. Odor strongly of radish. Taste bitter. Spores almond-shaped, smooth or finely warted, 9-13 x 5.5-7.5?. Deposit rust-brown. Cheilocystidia club-shaped, thin-walled, hyaline. Habitat singly or in groups on the ground on wood edges, on lawns, or under trees. Common. Found widely distributed in North America. Season September-November (through May in California). Poisonous.

Gyromitra infula (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Qu?l. Cs?csos papsapkagomba, p?sp?ks?veggomba. Cap 3-10cm across, saddle-shaped or 3-lobed, with an incurved margin; reddish brown to dark brown; wrinkled to convoluted. Stem 10-60 x 20mm, hollow, sometimes irregular; whitish to buff. Flesh brittle. Spores ellipsoid, smooth, containing 2 large oil drops, 19-23 x 7-8?. Habitat singly or scattered on humus and rotting wood or debris. Common. Found widely distributed throughout North America. Season July-October (November-April in the West). Poisonous.

Gyromitra gigas (Krombh.) Qu?l. Snowbank False Morel ?ri?s papsapkagomba. Cap 4-15cm across and high, brain-like, round to ellipsoid, with an irregularly lobed margin that is sometimes fused to the stalk; yellow-brown to tan, more reddish brown in age; deeply convoluted and wrinkled, interior chambered; undersurface whitish. Stem 5-10cm long and wide; thick and short; interior multi-channeled or folded in cross-section; surface whitish; ribbed, wrinkled, or grooved. Flesh brittle. Spores ellipsoid, smooth or finely warted, 24-36 x 10-15?. Habitat singly or in groups on soil or humus under conifers around melting snowbanks. Often common. Found in mountainous forest areas from the Rocky Mountains westward to the Pacific and in Europe. Season May-June. Not edible-contains toxis hydrazines.